![]() The results showed that water–nitrogen coupling regulated their net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), quantum yield of non-regulated non-photochemical energy loss, actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, and quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical energy loss. The grain yield, gas exchange, and chlorophyll a fluorescence of the closely planted maize crops were assessed. Two irrigation levels on local traditional irrigation level (high, I2, 4,050 m 3 ha −1) and reduced by 20% (low, I1, 3,240 m 3 ha −1) formed the main plots two levels of nitrogen fertilizer at a local traditional nitrogen level (high, N2, 360 kg ha −1) and reduced by 25% (low, N1, 270 kg ha −1) formed the split plots three planting densities of low (D1, 7.5 plants m −2), medium (D2, 9.75 plants m −2), and high (D3, 12 plants m −2) formed the split-split plots. To address this, a field experiment that had a split-split plot arrangement of treatments was designed. However, it remains unclear whether photosynthesis is systematically regulated via water and nitrogen when maize crops are grown under close (high density) planting conditions. To some extent, the photosynthetic traits of developing leaves of maize are regulated systemically by water and nitrogen. 2College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.1State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China.Yao Guo 1,2, Wen Yin 1,2, Hong Fan 1, Zhilong Fan 1,2, Falong Hu 1,2, Aizhong Yu 1,2, Cai Zhao 1, Qiang Chai 1,2 *, Emmanuel Asibi Aziiba 1,2 and Xijun Zhang 1,2
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